How Educators Can Get The Most From WaSP InterAct

How Educators Can Get The Most From WaSP InterAct

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WAS results from an X-linked genetic defect in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp). The gene resides on Xp11.22-23, and its expression is limited to cells of non-erythroid hematopoietic lineage. [3] The exact function of WASp is not fully elucidated, but it seems to function as a bridge between signaling and movement of the actin filaments in the cytoskeleton. Researchers identified many different mutations [4] that interfere with the protein binding to Cdc42 and Rac GTPases, among other binding partners, most of which are involved in regulation of the actin cytoskeleton of lymphocytes. [3] This ultrastructural component of cellular architecture is involved fundamentally in intracellular and cell substrate interactions and signaling via its role in cell morphology and movement. The actin cytoskeleton is responsible for cellular functions such as growth, endocytosis, exocytosis, and cytokinesis.

Researchers propose several models of actin assembly; this topic is an extremely active area of cell biology research. [5] Actin filament growth occurs by rapid monomer addition (polymerization) to the barbed leading end of a nucleated site. Nucleation, the rate-limiting step, is stimulated by a complex of actin-related protein Arp2/3 and WASp. Cdc42 GTPase also interacts with WASp to increase this nucleation. Next, gelsolin (activated by Ca++) severs actin filaments to create barbed ends, but then must be uncapped from the filament by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphonate and Rac to proceed with polymerization. WASp also interacts with Rac and, thus, is involved in regulation of this process at multiple interrelated sites.

With aggressive care, prognosis has substantially improved. One study projects median survival of 25 years for patients who undergo splenectomy, and even longer for patients who undergo successful bone marrow transplant. [27] Success rates of all categories of stem cell transplantation (HLA-identical, matched/related, matched/unrelated, umbilical cord blood) have continued to climb over time. [29, 30, 31] From the most recent series of transplanted patients, overall survivial from HSCT was approximately 90%.

But sometimes, infected mosquitoes can give people diseases. You may have heard about West Nile virus, which is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. The good news is that most people, especially healthy people under 50, who get West Nile virus do not have any symptoms from it. And although the virus can put people at risk for developing a serious infection called encephalitis, in reality this hardly ever happens. Less than 1% of the people who are infected with West Nile virus become seriously ill.

Unlike predation, parasitism, and competition, some species interactions do not have winners and losers, they have winners and winners. When both species benefit from an interaction this is considered a positive species interaction, often called a mutualism. One of the most amazing things about ants is that they have so many mutualisms with other organisms. Some of these mutualisms involve other insects, like aphids. Aphids are small, soft, and slow insects that feed on plant juices, and even though aphids might seem like they would be easy and tasty prey for ants, most ants do not prey on aphids. Instead, the ants guard and protect aphids from other predators, while feeding on the nutritious sugary liquid that aphids excrete. Because the ants get food and the aphids get protection, both species benefit from the interaction.

Other ants engage in mutualisms with microorganisms like fungi and bacteria. Leafcutter ants live in jungles and are well-known for cutting up small pieces of leaves, which they carry back to their nests (Figure 4). But leafcutter ants do not actually eat leaves. Instead, they use the leaves to build underground compost piles on which they grow a special type of fungus, and they feed this fungus to their young. The ants benefit from this interaction because the fungus provides food for the colony, and the fungus benefits because the ants bring it fresh leaves to grow on, keep it free from pests, and carry the fungus along when they establish new colonies [5].

Stinging insects are quite intriguing because they interact with humans in a way that often produces fear within us. The stigmas associated with bees and wasps produce negative connotations with these insects that actually do so much to help us humans. We have bees and wasps to thank for pollinating our food crops and serving as predators of pests found in our fields.

By developing a better understanding of these creatures, we can leave behind some of our preconceived notions about bees and wasps. One of the most notable distinctions between bees and wasps is the presence of hair-like structures called setae. Most bees have setae covering their body, while wasps usually lack this. Bees are also lifelong vegetarians, while wasps have a more varied diet and predate on other insects.

It is a curious fact that some insects tolerate living in close proximity to each other, often within a single nest. Within the order Hymenoptera, some species of wasps and bees, and all species of ants, evolved social behaviors, living in colonies and interacting in complex and sophisticated ways. However, most species of wasps and bees live strictly solitary lives (Figure 3.6). Some solitary bees and wasps aggregate their individual nests in one location, splitting the difference between going it entirely alone and having nest-mates.

Honey bees are probably the most well known of the social bees because they produce honey and have made headlines with Colony Collapse Disorder. Most people recognize bumble bees as they fly from flower to flower, but few people appreciate that they also are social. A honey bee colony is perennial; the queen and her workers live together year-round and survive together through hot summers and cold winters (Figure 3.7). In contrast, a bumble bee society is annual; the size of the group alternates between a single queen who hibernates underground during the winter months and a colony of individuals who live together in a nest during the summer. A honey bee colony is like a perennial tree; a bumble bee colony is more like an annual plant that begins from seed each year.

To explore whether the fly learning and memory center of the brain, the mushroom body (MB), is required for dialect training, Kacsoh and colleagues inhibit MB function only during the training cohabitation period, and although the MB-inhibited flies cannot learn the dialect from the other species members, those with normal MB function can learn from the MB-inhibited flies. Knockdown of long-term memory proteins produces similar results, with learning only possible in one direction (in the species for which long-term memory proteins are not affected). The requirement of long-term memory functions and an intact fly learning and memory center, coupled with the results described above, suggest that in addition to hardwired components, neuroplasticity is critical for dialect learning. These observations also suggest that continual and real-time interactions between different species are sufficient for eliciting signals required for a productive training cohabitation period in a manner independent of MB learning and memory functions and that memory is necessary only after the training period is complete.

Our observations also indicated that V. germanica is predominantly a solitary predator, because we found no evidence of coordinated attacks involving other conspecifics. In contrast, competition for food and pillaging among wasps were observed during predation. This probably reflects the individual and independent foraging typology of this species [44]: individuals from different colonies can find themselves at the same foraging site, explaining why each individual defends its own prey [26]. In contrast to predators such as V. velutina, V. crabro [45], and V. tropica [34], V. germanica has never been observed attacking forager bees in flight and returning to the hive, only bees on the ground or on the landing board.

Most of the 20,000 species of wasps are solitary, but because solitary wasps do not sting, most humans are more familiar with social wasps, who live in complex communities, than their solitary cousins. Though very few social wasps, such as paper wasps, mud daubers, yellow jackets, hornets, and umbrella wasps, create homes near human dwellings, all wasps play vital roles in ecosystems.

Yellow jackets are social wasps and generally nest in the ground, but they will occasionally nest in hollow logs and cinderblock fences. Their nests are made into thousands of cells from masticated wood pulp and leaf litter.

Because of the beneficial predatory role that wasps play in suppressing a wide variety of insects, your objective should be to reduce encounters with these animals, not to eliminate them from the area entirely. Wasps eat ticks and feed their young other insects such as houseflies and blowflies. They also pollinate crops such as melons and spinach.

Avoid sugar and meat snacks, especially in open containers, and keep garbage cans well sealed and as clean as possible. Companion animals should be fed indoors or on screened porches. If you have playground equipment, make sure you plug the ends of the pipes to prevent wasps from settling in them.

If parasitoid wasps are ubiquitous and most hosts are attacked by many different species, why is there any debate at all about the Hymenoptera being more diverse than other orders One reason may be that estimates of the regional and global species-richness of parasitoid wasps remain elusive. Their small size and a relative paucity of taxonomic resources have left the parasitoid Hymenoptera relatively under-described compared to other insect orders [25, 33]. As a consequence, when collection-based estimates of regional insect diversity have been attempted, they have often excluded all but the largest and easiest-to identify families of parasitic Hymenoptera (e.g., [34,35,36]; though see [37, 38]). 153554b96e

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